TSI Seminar

Etuaptmumk / Two-eyed Seeing: Integrating Indigenous and Western Knowledge Systems in Education

Carola Knockwood

Department of Education
Government of Nova Scotia

Etuaptmumk, or Two-Eyed Seeing (E/TES), is a transformative guiding principle for integrating Indigenous and Western knowledge systems to benefit all. Coined by Elder Albert Marshall, it emphasizes viewing Indigenous strengths with one eye, Western strengths with the other, and using both eyes together while respecting each system's integrity as distinct knowledge systems. Rooted in values of humility, mutual trust, and reciprocity, E/TES fosters co-learning and collaboration across world views, creating dynamic and evolving pathways for education and community well-being.

This presentation explores four interconnective themes within the context of Mi’kmaw education: E/TES as a principle, a Mi’kmaw Education Model for systemic change, the traditional Mi’kmaw way of life Netukulimk as a guiding pedagogy, and Elder Murdena Marshall’s concepts of learning through Sense of Place-Emergence-Participation. The Mi’kmaw Education Model, visualized by Carola Knockwood and guided by Elders, centers children as sacred beings with unique gifts nurtured by family, community, and environment. Grounded in Netukulimk, it emphasizes respect, responsibility, relationship, and reciprocity as core values for balance, sustainability, and accountability.